Numerical Simulation of Turbulent Flow in Bends and Confluences Considering Free Surface Changes Using the Volume of Fluid Method

The impact of secondary flows on the flow velocity in open channel bends and confluences was simulated using three-dimensional (3D) numerical models. Reynolds-averaged Navier–Stokes equation system utilized as governing equations two different turbulence models were employed this study: standard k-? model realizable k–? model. In a recent study by authors, rigid lid approach used, which does not allow for vertical displacement water surface. study, simulation free surface displacements volume fluid free-surface tracking method. evaluated validated experimental data sharply curved confluent channel. accuracies discussed. This found that both can satisfactorily reproduce data. However, performed better case while Realizable case.